Bandas de TIR - Bonos Hard Dollar ArgentinaBandas de TIR - Bonos Hard Dollar Argentina
Indicador para bonos soberanos argentinos emitidos en dólares (Bonares y Globales). Dibuja bandas de precio a niveles fijos de TIR — 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% y 11% — proyectadas tanto hacia el futuro como hacia el pasado (por defecto 1 año, configurable). Incluye bandas solo-históricas a 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40% y 50% de TIR para leer contextos de deuda estresada en el pasado.
Bonos soportados (14): AE38, AL29, AL30, AL35, AL41, AN29, AO27, AO28, GD29, GD30, GD35, GD38, GD41, GD46.
BCBA:AL30
BCBA:AL30D
BCBA:AL30C
BCBA:AL35D
BCBA:AE38D
BCBA:GD30
BCBA:GD30D
BCBA:AO27
BCBA:AO27D
BCBA:AO28
BCBA:AO28D
...y mas
Características:
• Conversión automática de precios entre ARS, USD MEP y USD Cable (vía ratios AL30 / AL30D / AL30C)
• Trazado hacia el pasado acotado al primer día con cotización disponible en TradingView, para bonos sin historia (ej. AO27, AO28)
• Líneas verticales punteadas en cada fecha de pago de cupón / capital (pasadas y futuras), con ajuste al próximo día hábil si caen en fin de semana o feriado argentino
• Calendario de feriados 2025-2047 (fijos + fechas móviles de Pascua vía algoritmo de Butcher)
• TIR personalizada y TIR objetivo configurables
• Panel informativo con TIR actual, precio nativo y tipos de cambio MEP / CCL
Metodología: conteo Actual/365, liquidación T+1, TIR resuelta por Newton-Raphson iterativo.
Eco Valores S.A. — Uso informativo y educativo. No constituye asesoramiento ni recomendación de inversión.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
Indicator for Argentine USD-denominated sovereign bonds (Bonares and Globales). Draws price bands at fixed TIR / IRR levels — 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% and 11% — projected both forward and backward in time (default 1 year, configurable), so you can read where the bond's price would sit today for each yield level and where it would have sat historically. Includes additional history-only bands at 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40% and 50% TIR — useful for charting past distressed-yield price action where the bond traded well above the current-regime range.
Supported bonds (14): AE38, AL29, AL30, AL35, AL41, AN29, AO27, AO28, GD29, GD30, GD35, GD38, GD41, GD46.
Key features:
• Automatic currency conversion between ARS, USD MEP and USD Cable using the AL30 / AL30D / AL30C price ratios. The script detects the loaded ticker suffix (— / D / C) and converts prices to the bond's native currency — USD MEP for Bonares (AL / AE / AN prefix, Argentine jurisdiction) and USD Cable for Globales (GD prefix, foreign jurisdiction).
• Historical backward projection clamps to the chart's first available bar so newer bonds (AO27, AO28) don't draw into a pre-issuance void.
• Vertical dashed lines at each past and future cashflow payment date, labeled with the payment type ("Pago Cupón" for pure interest, "Pago Cupón+Capital" for interest + principal amortization) and cashflow amount per 100 VNO. Payment dates that fall on weekends or Argentine national holidays are automatically shifted to the next business day. Holiday calendar covers 2025-2047, including fixed national holidays plus Easter-derived dates (Carnaval Lunes/Martes, Jueves Santo, Viernes Santo) computed via Butcher's Gregorian algorithm.
• Configurable custom TIR line and target-price TIR line — pick any yield or price and see where the implied counterpart falls.
• Optional Open / High / Low TIR lines showing the IRR implied by the current bar's OHL prices.
• Info panel on every bar with bond type, quoting currency, chart price, native price, current TIR and live MEP / CCL exchange rates.
Methodology: Actual/365 day count, T+1 settlement, IRR solved by iterative Newton-Raphson.
Eco Valores S.A. — For informational and educational purposes only. Does not constitute investment advice or recommendations. Consult a qualified financial advisor before making investment decisions. Indikator
TC Implicito CEDEARsBCBA:GGALD
## Implied Exchange Rate — CEDEARs / Tipo de Cambio Implícito
This indicator calculates the implied ARS/USD exchange rate derived from CEDEARs (Argentine Depositary Certificates) listed on BCBA. It divides each instrument's peso price by its MEP dollar price to reveal the effective exchange rate embedded in each CEDEAR.
**Formula:** `TC = BCBA:TICKER (ARS) / BCBA:TICKERD (USD)`
### Instruments
- **AL30/AL30D** — MEP dollar reference (plotted as a thick white line)
- **8 preset CEDEARs:** VIST, NU, GGAL, PAMP, AMZN, MELI, IBIT, YPFD
- **2 custom slots** — add any BCBA-listed pair via settings
### How to read it
When a CEDEAR's implied rate trades **above** the AL30 reference line, that CEDEAR is relatively expensive in pesos (or cheap in USD). When it trades **below**, the opposite applies. Convergence of all lines suggests a stable, unified implied rate. Divergence may signal arbitrage opportunities or liquidity imbalances in specific names.
### Features
- Each line has a distinct color with end-of-line labels showing name and current value
- All instruments can be toggled on/off individually
- Custom tickers let you track any BCBA ARS/USD pair not included by default
---
### ES — Resumen
Calcula el tipo de cambio implícito ARS/USD dividiendo el precio en pesos de cada CEDEAR por su precio en dólares MEP (ambos en BCBA). Incluye AL30 como referencia y 8 CEDEARs preconfigurados. Permite agregar hasta 2 tickers personalizados. Cuando la línea de un CEDEAR está por encima de AL30, ese CEDEAR está relativamente caro en pesos; por debajo, relativamente barato. Indikator
Canje & Prima Ley NY/ARGArgentina Bonds — Canje & NY Law / ARG Law Premium
SHORT DESCRIPTION:
Tracks the Canje spread (Cable vs MEP dollar) and the NY Law / ARG Law premium between Globales and Bonares. Vertical lines on bond payment dates (rent + capital).
---
FULL DESCRIPTION:
Time-series indicator that tracks two key spreads in the Argentine sovereign bond market:
1. CANJE (%)
The spread between Dólar Cable and Dólar MEP, calculated as:
(AL30D / AL30C − 1) × 100
AL30D is the Bonar 30 priced in USD MEP, and AL30C is priced in USD Cable (CCL). A positive value means cable dollars trade at a premium over MEP dollars. This captures the cost of converting MEP USD into Cable USD via bond arbitrage.
2. NY LAW / ARG LAW PREMIUM (%)
The premium of NY-law bonds (Globales) over Argentine-law bonds (Bonares), calculated as:
((GD30/AL30) × (AL30C/AL30D) − 1) × 100
GD30/AL30 is the price ratio of Global 30 vs Bonar 30 in pesos. AL30C/AL30D is the cable/MEP adjustment factor that strips out the canje effect. A positive value means there is a premium for holding NY-law bonds over Argentine-law bonds.
FEATURES:
• Configurable ticker inputs — default uses AL30D, AL30C, AL30, GD30 on BCBA. Swap to other bond pairs (e.g., GD35/AL35) via settings
• Canje line with fill to zero (blue by default) for visual area display
• NY/ARG premium line (orange by default)
• Vertical dashed lines on bond payment dates: January 9 and July 9 (rent + capital), appearing on the first trading day ≥ that date
• Right-side end-of-line labels showing current Canje and NY Law premium values
• Info table (top-right) with current percentage values and raw bond prices
• Zero reference line (dashed gray)
• All colors and line widths configurable
HOW TO USE:
1. Add the indicator to any chart (separate pane indicator, overlay=false)
2. By default you'll see the Canje spread (blue with fill) and NY/ARG Law premium (orange)
3. Right-side labels show current values at the end of each line
4. Vertical red dashed lines mark bond payment dates (rent and capital)
5. Toggle each metric, payment lines, and info table independently in settings
6. Change ticker inputs to analyze different bond pairs (e.g., AL35D/AL35C for AL35 canje)
---
EN ESPAÑOL:
Indicador de serie temporal que rastrea dos spreads clave del mercado de bonos soberanos argentinos:
1. CANJE (%)
El spread entre Dólar Cable y Dólar MEP, calculado como:
(AL30D / AL30C − 1) × 100
AL30D es el Bonar 30 cotizado en USD MEP, y AL30C en USD Cable (CCL). Un valor positivo indica que el dólar cable cotiza con prima sobre el dólar MEP. Captura el costo de convertir USD MEP en USD Cable vía arbitraje de bonos.
2. PRIMA LEY NY / LEY ARG (%)
La prima de bonos ley Nueva York (Globales) sobre bonos ley argentina (Bonares), calculado como:
((GD30/AL30) × (AL30C/AL30D) − 1) × 100
GD30/AL30 es el ratio de precios del Global 30 vs Bonar 30 en pesos. AL30C/AL30D es el factor de ajuste cable/MEP que elimina el efecto del canje. Un valor positivo indica prima por tener bonos ley NY sobre ley argentina.
Características principales:
- Tickers configurables — por defecto usa AL30D, AL30C, AL30, GD30 en BCBA. Se puede cambiar a otros pares (ej. GD35/AL35)
- Línea de Canje con relleno hacia cero (azul) para visualización de área
- Línea de prima Ley NY/ARG (naranja)
- Líneas verticales punteadas en fechas de pago de bonos: 9 de enero y 9 de julio (renta + capital)
- Etiquetas al final de cada línea mostrando valores actuales
- Tabla informativa con valores porcentuales y precios brutos de bonos
- Línea de referencia en cero (gris punteada)
- Colores y anchos de línea configurables
Cómo usar:
1. Agregar el indicador a cualquier gráfico (indicador de panel separado)
2. Por defecto se muestra el Canje (azul con relleno) y la Prima Ley NY/ARG (naranja)
3. Las etiquetas a la derecha muestran los valores actuales
4. Las líneas rojas verticales punteadas marcan fechas de pago de renta y capital
5. Cada métrica, líneas de pago y tabla se pueden activar/desactivar individualmente
6. Cambiar los tickers en configuración para analizar otros pares de bonos
---
DISCLAIMER / AVISO LEGAL:
This indicator is for informational and educational purposes only. It does NOT constitute investment advice, a recommendation to buy or sell any security, or a solicitation of any kind. Data may be incomplete, delayed, or inaccurate. Past performance is not indicative of future results. Consult a licensed financial advisor before investing. The author assumes no responsibility for financial losses.
Este indicador es solo para fines informativos y educativos. NO constituye asesoramiento de inversión ni recomendación de compra o venta. Los datos pueden ser inexactos o estar demorados. Consulte a un asesor financiero matriculado antes de invertir. El autor no asume responsabilidad por pérdidas financieras.
Indikator
Evolucion TIR Bonos Soberanos ARGArgentina Sovereign Bonds — Yield (TIR) Evolution
SHORT DESCRIPTION:
Daily yield (TIR/IRR) evolution of Argentine sovereign bonds (Bonares & Globales). Newton-Raphson IRR per bar, 3 pricing modes, US Treasury overlay, coupon/amortization event markers.
---
FULL DESCRIPTION:
Time-series indicator that tracks the daily yield (TIR / Internal Rate of Return) evolution of Argentine sovereign bonds. Each bond's IRR is calculated on every bar using the full remaining cashflow schedule and Newton-Raphson iteration.
SUPPORTED BONDS (13):
Bonares (Argentine law) — Green gradients:
AO27 | AL29 | AN29 | AL30 | AL35 | AE38 | AL41
BCBA:AO27
BCBA:AL29
BCBA:AN29
BCBA:AL30
BCBA:AL30D
BCBA:AL30C
BCBA:AL35
BCBA:AL41
Globales (New York law) — Blue gradients:
GD29 | GD30 | GD35 | GD38 | GD41 | GD46
BCBA:GD29
BCBA:GD30
BCBA:GD30D
BCBA:GD35
BCBA:GD38
BCBA:GD41
BCBA:GD46
FEATURES:
• Daily TIR line for each selected bond, with color gradients by maturity (lighter = shorter, darker = longer)
• US Treasury yield reference line (default US10Y, configurable) in red — useful for tracking the sovereign spread vs risk-free rate
• Three pricing modes:
- ARS → USD via AL30 ratios (default): converts BCBA peso prices to USD using AL30D/AL30 (MEP) for Bonares, AL30C/AL30 (Cable) for Globales
- Direct USD (MEP + Cable): uses BCBA direct USD quotes — D suffix for Bonares, C suffix for Globales
- Direct USD MEP (all): uses D suffix for all bonds
• Vertical highlights on cashflow payment dates: white background for coupon-only (renta), orange for coupon + amortization (capital)
• End-of-line labels sorted by yield, staggered horizontally to avoid overlap, with dotted connector lines
• Info table (top-right) with USD price, TIR%, pricing mode, and MEP exchange rate
• Individual toggle for each bond — default shows AL30 + GD30 for a clean view
METHODOLOGY:
• IRR: Newton-Raphson, 50 iterations, 1e-6 tolerance
• Day count: Actual/365
• Settlement: T+1
• Cashflow data embedded from ArgentinaBondsLib
HOW TO USE:
1. Add the indicator to any chart (overlay=false pane indicator)
2. By default you'll see AL30 (green) and GD30 (blue) yield lines, plus US10Y (red)
3. Toggle additional bonds in settings under "Bonares Individuales" / "Globales Individuales"
4. Change pricing mode under "Pricing" for direct USD quotes
5. Vertical highlights mark coupon/amortization dates for active bonds
6. Hover over labels for tooltips with USD price and exact TIR%
---
EN ESPAÑOL:
Indicador de serie temporal que muestra la evolución diaria de la TIR (Tasa Interna de Retorno) de bonos soberanos argentinos. Soporta 13 bonos: 7 Bonares (ley argentina, degradado verde) y 6 Globales (ley NY, degradado azul). La TIR se calcula barra a barra mediante Newton-Raphson sobre el flujo de fondos remanente completo de cada bono.
Características principales:
- Línea de referencia US Treasury (US10Y por defecto, configurable) en rojo para visualizar el spread soberano
- Tres modos de pricing: ARS→USD vía ratios AL30, USD Directo MEP+Cable, USD Directo MEP
- Resaltado vertical en fechas de pago: blanco para cupón (renta), naranja para cupón + amortización (capital)
- Etiquetas al final de cada línea, ordenadas por TIR y escalonadas para evitar superposición
- Tabla informativa con precio USD, TIR% y tipo de cambio MEP
- Toggle individual por bono — por defecto muestra AL30 + GD30
Metodología: Newton-Raphson (50 iteraciones), convención Actual/365, liquidación T+1.
---
DISCLAIMER / AVISO LEGAL:
This indicator is for informational and educational purposes only. It does NOT constitute investment advice, a recommendation to buy or sell any security, or a solicitation of any kind. Data may be incomplete, delayed, or inaccurate. Past performance is not indicative of future results. Consult a licensed financial advisor before investing. The author assumes no responsibility for financial losses.
Este indicador es solo para fines informativos y educativos. NO constituye asesoramiento de inversión ni recomendación de compra o venta. Consulte a un asesor financiero matriculado antes de invertir.
Indikator
Argentina Bonds Yield CurveARGENTINA SOVEREIGN BONDS - YIELD CURVE
This indicator plots the yield curve for Argentine sovereign bonds, showing the relationship between yield (TIR/IRR) and Modified Duration for both Bonares (Argentine law) and Globales (NY law) bond families.
BONDS INCLUDED:
• Bonares: AE38, AL29, AL30, AL35, AL41, AN29, AO27
• Globales: GD29, GD30, GD35, GD38, GD41, GD46
FEATURES:
• Scatter plot with TIR (%) on Y-axis and Modified Duration (years) on X-axis
• Separate logarithmic regression curves: TIR = a + b × ln(Duration)
• R² goodness-of-fit displayed for each curve
• Info table with prices, TIR, Modified Duration, and currency for all 13 bonds
• Prices converted to USD MEP (Bonares) and USD Cable/CCL (Globales) via AL30/AL30D/AL30C ratios
• Hover over any data point to see TIR and Modified Duration details
• AO27 price configurable manually (not yet listed on BCBA)
METHODOLOGY:
• Day count convention: Actual/365
• Settlement: T+1
• IRR: Newton-Raphson iterative method (50 iterations, tolerance 1e-6)
• Modified Duration = Macaulay Duration / (1 + TIR)
• Currency conversion: Bonares prices × (AL30D/AL30) = USD MEP; Globales prices × (AL30C/AL30) = USD CCL
HOW TO READ THE CHART:
• Points further LEFT have shorter duration (less interest rate sensitivity)
• Points further RIGHT have longer duration (more interest rate sensitivity)
• Points further UP offer higher yield
• The regression curve shows the "fair value" yield for a given duration — points ABOVE the curve are cheap relative to peers, points BELOW are rich
• Bonares (circles, blue) and Globales (diamonds, teal) form separate curves due to different legal jurisdictions
NOTE: AO27 is shown in purple as it is not yet listed on BCBA. Its price must be entered manually in the indicator settings.
DISCLAIMER:
This indicator is for informational and educational purposes only. Eco Valores S.A. does NOT provide investment advice or recommendations. Consult a qualified financial advisor before making investment decisions.
————————————————————————————
ES: Curva de rendimientos para los 13 bonos soberanos argentinos en dólares, separados por familia: Bonares (ley argentina) y Globales (ley NY). Grafica TIR (%) en eje Y vs Duración Modificada (años) en eje X, con regresión logarítmica separada por familia. Precios convertidos a Dólar MEP (Bonares) y Dólar Cable/CCL (Globales) vía ratios AL30/AL30D/AL30C. Puntos por encima de la curva de regresión están baratos respecto a sus pares; puntos por debajo están caros. AO27 se muestra en violeta (no cotiza aún en BCBA, precio configurable en ajustes).
AVISO LEGAL: Este indicador es solo para fines informativos y educativos. Eco Valores S.A. NO brinda asesoramiento ni recomendaciones de inversión. Consulte con un asesor financiero calificado antes de tomar decisiones de inversión.
BCBA:AL29 BCBA:AL30 BCBA:AL35 BCBA:AE38 BCBA:AN29 BCBA:AL41 BCBA:GD29 BCBA:GD30 BCBA:GD35 BCBA:GD38 BCBA:GD41
Indikator
Software Moats Index (US)Software Moats Index (US) — v1.0
Tracks three equal-weighted indices of US-listed software stocks grouped by competitive moat durability, inspired by the "Switching Costs vs Compounding Value" framework:
Durable (green): Datadog, CrowdStrike, ADP, Veeva, Zscaler, CoStar, Shopify
Eroding Quickly (red): DocuSign, UiPath, Monday.com
Eroding Slowly (orange): Atlassian, SAP, Salesforce, Workday
All three indices are rebased to 100 at a configurable start date (1Y / 6M / 3M / 2M / 1M / 2W / 1W / 1D), making it easy to compare relative performance across groups over any timeframe.
Each stock can be individually toggled on or off via the indicator settings, so you can customize the composition of each group.
Private companies (Epic Systems, Stripe, Zendesk) are excluded as they have no publicly traded stock.
How to read it:
A line above 100 means the group has gained value since the start date.
A line below 100 means the group has lost value.
Compare the three lines to see which moat category is outperforming.
14 stocks | 3 indices | Configurable start date | Customizable composition
:warning: This indicator is for informational and educational purposes only. It does NOT constitute investment advice or a recommendation to buy or sell any asset. Data may contain errors or omissions. Always consult a qualified financial advisor before making investment decisions. Eco Valores S.A. — ALyC n° 109/CNV.
Sigue tres indices equiponderados de acciones de software en EEUU agrupadas por durabilidad de foso competitivo, inspirado en el marco "Costos de Cambio vs Valor Compuesto":
Durable (verde): Datadog, CrowdStrike, ADP, Veeva, Zscaler, CoStar, Shopify
Erosion Rapida (rojo): DocuSign, UiPath, Monday.com
Erosion Lenta (naranja): Atlassian, SAP, Salesforce, Workday
Los tres indices se rebasan a 100 en una fecha de inicio configurable (1A / 6M / 3M / 2M / 1M / 2S / 1S / 1D), facilitando la comparacion de rendimiento relativo entre grupos en cualquier periodo.
Cada accion puede activarse o desactivarse individualmente en la configuracion del indicador.
Empresas privadas excluidas: Epic Systems, Stripe, Zendesk.
14 acciones | 3 indices | Fecha de inicio configurable | Composicion personalizable
Durable (green)
NASDAQ:SHOP
NASDAQ:DDOG
NASDAQ:CRWD
NASDAQ:ADP
NYSE:VEEV
NASDAQ:ZS
NASDAQ:CSGP
Eroding Quickly (red)
NASDAQ:DOCU
NYSE:PATH
NASDAQ:MNDY
Eroding Slowly (orange)
NASDAQ:TEAM
NYSE:SAP
NYSE:CRM
NASDAQ:WDAY
:warning: Este indicador es solo para fines informativos y educativos. No constituye asesoramiento de inversion ni recomendacion de compra o venta. Los datos pueden contener errores u omisiones. Consulte siempre a un asesor financiero calificado antes de invertir. Eco Valores S.A. — ALyC n° 109/CNV.
Indikator
Bandas Cambiarias Argentina / Argentina FX BandsBandas Cambiarias Argentina / Argentina FX Bands
Overlay indicator that plots the BCRA's exchange rate band system in effect since April 11, 2025, under the IMF-backed Phase 3 stabilization program.
What are the Bandas Cambiarias?
The BCRA defines a floor and a ceiling for the ARS/USD exchange rate. Between them, the rate floats freely. At the floor the BCRA buys dollars (accumulates reserves); at the ceiling the BCRA sells dollars (defends the band). The rules governing how the bands move differ by phase:
Phase 1 (Apr 11 – Dec 31, 2025): Floor decreases 1%/month, ceiling increases 1%/month — fixed rates, band widens over time.
Phase 2 (Jan 1, 2026 onwards): Both bands adjust monthly by headline CPI with a two-month lag (T-2). The floor decreases by the T-2 inflation rate, the ceiling increases by it.
What the indicator shows
Solid floor and ceiling lines with shaded fill for the floating zone on historical data.
Forward projection split into two visual tiers:
Known projection (solid lines, darker fill) — remainder of the current month plus any full months whose T-2 inflation has already been published by INDEC.
Uncertain projection (dashed lines, lighter fill) — further months using assumed inflation (last known value or your custom estimate).
Info table with current floor, ceiling, band width, CPI values by month, active phase, and projection length. Language toggle (ES/EN).
Alerts when price approaches the floor or ceiling (within 2%) and when it breaks through either band.
CPI inputs and the T-2 lag
Each month's band adjustment uses the CPI figure from two months prior. The indicator provides individual inputs for each known CPI month (Nov 2025 through Jan 2026) and a projected input for Feb 2026 (not yet published). For months beyond that horizon, a single "Future CPI" override applies. If left blank, it defaults to the Feb 2026 estimate.
Mapping: IPC Nov 2025 → Jan 2026 bands, IPC Dec 2025 → Feb 2026 bands, IPC Jan 2026 → Mar 2026 bands, IPC Feb 2026 → Apr 2026 bands.
How to use
Apply to any ARS/USD chart (e.g., BCBA:YPFD for peso-denominated assets, or USDARS). Adjust CPI inputs as new INDEC data is released. Set "Known Full Months Ahead" to reflect how many additional months already have their T-2 CPI published. Tune projection length (1–12 months) and colors to preference.
Data sources
Band parameters: BCRA official announcements.
CPI: INDEC monthly publications.
Descripción en Español
Indicador overlay que grafica el esquema de bandas cambiarias del BCRA vigente desde el 11 de abril de 2025, en el marco de la Fase 3 del programa de estabilización con el FMI.
El BCRA define un piso y un techo para el tipo de cambio ARS/USD. Dentro de la banda el tipo de cambio flota libremente; en el piso el BCRA compra dólares y en el techo los vende. En Fase 1 (Abr–Dic 2025) el piso baja 1% mensual y el techo sube 1% mensual a tasas fijas. En Fase 2 (Ene 2026 en adelante) ambas bandas se ajustan mensualmente por IPC con rezago T-2.
El indicador muestra la zona de flotación histórica con relleno sombreado y proyecta las bandas hacia adelante en dos niveles: proyección conocida (líneas sólidas, meses con IPC T-2 ya publicado) y proyección incierta (líneas punteadas, inflación asumida). Incluye inputs individuales de IPC por mes, tabla informativa con idioma seleccionable (ES/EN), y alertas de proximidad y ruptura de banda.
Fuentes: Parámetros del BCRA, IPC de INDEC.
Disclaimer / Aviso legal
This indicator is for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute investment advice. Band calculations are based on publicly available BCRA parameters and INDEC CPI data but may not perfectly replicate official values. Future projections depend on assumed inflation and should not be treated as forecasts. The author assumes no responsibility for financial losses.
Este indicador es solo para fines informativos y educativos. No constituye asesoramiento de inversión. Los cálculos se basan en parámetros públicos del BCRA y datos de IPC de INDEC, pero pueden no replicar exactamente los valores oficiales. Las proyecciones dependen de inflación asumida y no deben tratarse como pronósticos. El autor no asume responsabilidad por pérdidas financieras. Indikator
Breakeven Lecaps_BoncapsBreakeven Lecaps & Boncaps
Overlay indicator that visualizes the breakeven USD exchange rate for Argentina's peso-denominated fixed-income instruments — Lecaps, Boncaps, and Dollar Futures — on a single chart.
What is the breakeven dollar?
For each instrument, the breakeven dollar is the implied USD/ARS rate at maturity that would make the peso instrument's return equivalent to simply holding dollars. If the actual exchange rate at maturity stays below the breakeven level, the peso instrument outperforms the dollar. This makes it straightforward to compare across instruments and maturities at a glance: the higher the breakeven, the more room the dollar has to appreciate before the instrument loses against it.
Features
Automatic Dólar MEP and Dólar Cable calculation from AL30/AL30D/AL30C, plus a custom rate option.
Labeled data points for each active Lecap (9 series), Boncap (6 series), and Dollar Future (12 contracts), positioned at their maturity/expiry dates.
Tooltips with instrument name, last price, direct return, TNA, and breakeven USD.
Term structure curves connecting breakeven levels across maturities for each instrument class, making it easy to spot inversions or steepening.
Historical curve overlay (configurable N days back) with shaded fill between current and past curves, so you can see how the term structure has shifted over time.
Summary table with selected dollar type, value, and active instrument counts.
Fully customizable colors for curves, historical overlays, and fill regions.
How to use
Apply the indicator to any BCBA chart. Select your dollar type (MEP, Cable, or Custom) in the settings. Toggle instrument classes and curves on/off. Enable the historical curve to compare today's term structure against N trading days ago. Hover over any label for detailed metrics.
Data sources
Lecaps & Boncaps: BCBA (Bolsas y Mercados Argentinos), via the EcoValores/Letras_Library which provides tickers, maturity dates, and redemption prices.
Dollar Futures: A3 Mercados (Matba-Rofex).
The indicator uses 30 of the 40 allowed request.security() calls.
Descripción en Español
Indicador overlay que visualiza el tipo de cambio de equilibrio (breakeven) en dólares para Lecaps, Boncaps y contratos de Dólar Futuro en un solo gráfico.
El dólar breakeven es el tipo de cambio implícito al vencimiento: la cotización USD/ARS a la cual el rendimiento del instrumento en pesos iguala al de mantener dólares. Cuanto más alto el breakeven, mayor es el margen que tiene el dólar para apreciarse antes de que el instrumento pierda contra él.
El indicador calcula automáticamente el Dólar MEP y Cable a partir de AL30/AL30D/AL30C (o acepta un valor custom), muestra etiquetas con retorno directo, TNA y breakeven en cada vencimiento, traza curvas de estructura temporal para cada clase de instrumento, y permite superponer una curva histórica de N días atrás con relleno sombreado para visualizar desplazamientos en la curva.
Fuentes de datos: Lecaps y Boncaps desde BCBA vía EcoValores/Letras_Library; Dólar Futuro desde A3 Mercados (Matba-Rofex).
Disclaimer / Aviso legal
This indicator is for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute investment advice. Calculations assume holding to maturity and do not account for transaction costs, taxes, or liquidity risk. Past performance and projected breakeven levels are not indicative of future results. Consult a licensed financial advisor before making investment decisions.
Este indicador es solo para fines informativos y educativos. No constituye asesoramiento de inversión. Los cálculos asumen tenencia hasta el vencimiento y no contemplan costos de transacción, impuestos ni riesgo de liquidez. El rendimiento pasado y los niveles de breakeven proyectados no son indicativos de resultados futuros. Consulte a un asesor financiero matriculado antes de invertir. Indikator
Letras_Lecaps_Library---
**Letras_Lecaps_Library — Argentine Fixed-Rate Instruments & Dollar Futures Data**
Pine Script library that provides centralized reference data for Argentine Lecaps, Boncaps, and Matba-Rofex Dollar Futures contracts. Designed to be imported by indicators and strategies that need ticker symbols, maturity dates, and redemption prices without hardcoding them.
**What's inside**
The library exports simple accessor functions for three instrument classes:
- **Lecaps** (9 series): BCBA tickers, maturity price per VN100 (Monto_al_Vto), and payment date for each active short-term zero-coupon treasury bill.
- **Boncaps** (6 series): Same structure as Lecaps, covering longer-term capitalization bonds.
- **Dollar Futures** (12 contracts): MATBAROFEX tickers and expiry dates for USD/ARS futures.
Count functions (`lecapCount()`, `boncapCount()`, `futuresCount()`) return the number of active instruments in each category, so consuming scripts can adapt dynamically.
**Data sources**
- Lecaps & Boncaps: IAMC (Instituto Argentino de Mercado de Capitales) periodic report.
- Dollar Futures: A3 Mercados (Matba-Rofex), expiry dates verified against TradingView contract pages.
**How to use**
```pine
import EcoValores/Letras_Lecaps_Library/1 as lib
// Get the ticker and maturity data for the first Lecap
ticker = lib.lecapTicker1() // "BCBA:S27F6"
matPx = lib.lecapMaturityPrice1() // 125.84
matDt = lib.lecapMaturityDate1() // timestamp for 27/02/2026
```
**Update cycle**
This library reflects a point-in-time snapshot. It should be updated and republished after each public auction or when new IAMC data becomes available. Expired instruments are removed and new ones added, with count functions adjusted accordingly. The last data source date is noted in the script header.
**Related**
This library is the data backend for the **Breakeven Lecaps_Boncaps** indicator, which uses it to calculate and plot breakeven USD exchange rates across the term structure.
---
**Descripción en Español**
Librería Pine Script que centraliza los datos de referencia de Lecaps, Boncaps y contratos de Dólar Futuro de Matba-Rofex. Diseñada para ser importada por indicadores y estrategias que necesitan tickers, fechas de vencimiento y precios de rescate sin codificarlos directamente.
Exporta funciones de acceso para tres clases de instrumentos: Lecaps (9 series, tickers BCBA, precio al vencimiento por VN100 y fecha de pago), Boncaps (6 series, misma estructura), y Dólar Futuro (12 contratos, tickers MATBAROFEX y fecha de expiración). Las funciones de conteo permiten que los scripts consumidores se adapten dinámicamente.
Fuentes de datos: Lecaps y Boncaps del informe periódico del IAMC; Dólar Futuro de A3 Mercados (Matba-Rofex). La librería refleja una foto puntual y debe republicarse tras cada licitación o cuando haya nuevos datos disponibles.
Esta librería es el backend de datos del indicador **Breakeven Lecaps_Boncaps**, que la utiliza para calcular y graficar el tipo de cambio breakeven en dólares a lo largo de la curva.
---
**Disclaimer / Aviso legal**
This library is for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute investment advice. Data may be incomplete, delayed, or inaccurate. Verify all tickers and values independently before use. Past performance is not indicative of future results. Consult a licensed financial advisor before making investment decisions.
Esta librería es solo para fines informativos y educativos. No constituye asesoramiento de inversión. Los datos pueden ser incompletos, estar demorados o ser inexactos. Verifique todos los tickers y valores de forma independiente antes de utilizarla. El rendimiento pasado no es indicativo de resultados futuros. Consulte a un asesor financiero matriculado antes de invertir. Perpustakaan
Evolucion Tasas LECAPs y BONCAPsDaily yield evolution tracker for Argentine fixed-rate Treasury instruments: LECAPs (capitalizable letters) and BONCAPs (capitalizable bonds).
Each line plots an individual instrument's implied yield in real time, calculated from its market price and maturity value. This lets you visualize how the peso fixed-income curve moves day by day.
YIELD METRICS
Choose between three metrics:
- TEM (Monthly Effective Rate)
- TNA (Annual Nominal Rate)
- TEA (Annual Effective Rate)
CPI INFLATION OVERLAY
- Solid stepped line: official monthly CPI (INDEC), converted to annual basis for TNA/TEA modes.
- Dashed line: user-adjustable inflation projection for the current unpublished month. Starts exactly where official data ends.
TREASURY AUCTION LINES
Dotted vertical lines mark auction dates (Secretaria de Finanzas). Hover over the marker to see which instruments were awarded and at what cut-rate TEM. Source: official results from argentina.gob.ar.
LABELS AND HOVER
- First bar label shows ticker and settlement price when each instrument starts trading.
- Hover tooltips on any label for expanded info (ticker, price, yield).
- The y-axis scale shows each line's current value on the right edge.
VISIBILITY CONTROLS
- Toggle LECAPs, BONCAPs, and CPI by type
- Toggle each individual instrument on/off
- Configurable label size, CPI line width, and projected inflation
INSTRUMENTS
LECAPs (yellow/amber to orange, short to long maturity): S27F6, S17A6, S30A6, S29Y6, S31L6, S31G6, S30O6, S30N6
BONCAPs (light blue to deep blue): T30J6, T15E7, T30A7, T31Y7
Instruments disappear automatically after their maturity date.
DATA SOURCES
- Maturity prices: Letras_Library (IAMC)
- Daily prices: BCBA via request.security()
- CPI: hardcoded INDEC data (update periodically)
- Auctions: Secretaria de Finanzas
DISCLAIMER
This indicator is provided strictly for informational and educational purposes. It does NOT constitute investment advice, a recommendation to buy or sell any security, or a solicitation of any kind. Data may be incomplete, delayed, or inaccurate. Past performance and projected yields are not indicative of future results. Always consult a licensed financial advisor before making any investment decision. The author assumes no responsibility for any financial losses arising from the use of this tool.
---
EN ESPAÑOL: Evolución diaria del rendimiento implícito de LECAPs y BONCAPs del Tesoro argentino (TEM, TNA o TEA), con IPC oficial, proyección de inflación ajustable y fechas de licitación con TEM de corte. Este indicador es solo informativo y educativo; NO constituye asesoramiento de inversión.
Indikator
Curva de Rendimiento AR | Argentina Yield CurveReal-time Argentine fixed-income yield curve terminal. Four curve families plotted on a single canvas with Nelson-Siegel smoothing.
🔵 **LECAP** — 9 discount letters (Letras de Capitalización) via EcoValores library
🟢 **BONCAP** — 6 capitalisation bonds via EcoValores library
🟠 **BONCER** — 7 CER-adjusted zero-coupon bonds (TZX series) with inflation-projected yields
🟡 **Dollar Futures** — 12 MatbaRofex contracts with implied devaluation spread
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
**How it works**
Add the indicator to any daily chart — the underlying symbol doesn't matter. All prices are fetched independently via `request.security()`. Yields are computed on a **T+1 settlement** basis (Plazo 24hs) and can be displayed as **TEM**, **TNA**, or **TEA**.
BONCER yields are projected by compounding a hardcoded valor técnico (VT) at a reference date forward to maturity using a monthly CPI assumption. CPI can be set manually or pulled live from `ECONOMICS:ARIRMM`.
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**Features**
• **Nelson-Siegel curve fitting** with configurable λ grid search
• **Broker fee adjustment** (% of purchase price) on LECAP, BONCAP, and BONCER yields
• **Historical ghost curves** — overlay the curve from N bars ago with faded, color-matched dots and ticker labels
• **BCRA auction markers** — show cut rates from the last 1–3 licitación dates, with overlap grouping
• **Implied devaluation curve** — spread between Dollar Futures and LECAP Nelson-Siegel fits
• **Curve slope** — long minus short rate from the LECAP NS fit
• **Instrument data table** — optional per-bond breakdown showing yield, price, face, maturity, and days to maturity
• **DTM vertical lines** — dashed lines at each instrument's tenor, color-matched to curve type
• **Info table** — summary stats, NS parameters, USD spot rate, and legend
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**Inputs**
Curve Selection — toggle each curve family and the Nelson-Siegel fit independently
BONCER CER Projection — set projected monthly CPI % or enable ECONOMICS:ARIRMM live feed
Rate Convention — TEM / TNA / TEA selector and broker fee %
USD Spot Rate — MEP via AL30/AL30D arbitrage, FX_IDC:ARSUSD, or manual entry
BCRA Auctions — show 0–3 most recent licitación dates (hardcoded, update periodically)
Historical Comparison — ghost curve bars-ago offset and optional NS fill
Derived Metrics — slope and implied devaluation toggles
Visual — canvas width, max tenor, ticker labels, DTM lines, data table, label size
Nelson-Siegel Tuning — λ grid range and steps (defaults work for most cases)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
**Maintenance**
Two data sets require periodic manual updates:
1. **BCRA Auctions** — add `array.push()` entries under the "BCRA AUCTION DATA" section with TEM yield, maturity date, label, and licitación timestamp.
2. **BONCER Valor Técnico** — update `CER_VT_REF_TS` and each `CER_VT_*` value from bonistas.com or your broker's daily report.
Both follow the same pattern: edit the hardcoded values in the script and save. Expired instruments are filtered automatically.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
**Data sources**
LECAP / BONCAP prices and metadata: `EcoValores/Letras_Library/1`
BONCER prices: `BCBA:TZXM6`, `BCBA:TZX26`, `BCBA:TZXO6`, `BCBA:TZXD6`, `BCBA:TZX27`, `BCBA:TZXD7`, `BCBA:TZX28`
Argentina monthly CPI: `ECONOMICS:ARIRMM`
USD spot: `BCBA:AL30` / `BCBA:AL30D` or `FX_IDC:ARSUSD`
Dollar Futures: MatbaRofex contracts via EcoValores library
Total `request.security()` calls: 38 (limit ~40).
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**⚠️ Disclaimer**
This indicator is provided for **informational and educational purposes only**. It does NOT constitute investment advice, a recommendation, or an offer to buy or sell any security. BONCER yields are projections based on assumed future inflation and may differ substantially from realized returns. Data may be incomplete, delayed, or inaccurate. The authors assume no responsibility for any financial losses or decisions made based on this indicator. Always consult a licensed financial advisor before investing.
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Curva de rendimiento de renta fija argentina en tiempo real. LECAP, BONCAP, BONCER cupón cero y Futuros de Dólar con ajuste Nelson-Siegel. Rendimientos calculados en base T+1 (Plazo 24hs). Soporta TEM, TNA y TEA, comisión de broker, marcadores de licitaciones BCRA, curvas históricas fantasma, devaluación implícita y tabla de datos por instrumento.
Indikator
LECAPS_BONCAP_DUALES_LibraryLECAPS BONCAP DUALES Library - Argentine Fixed Income Data
===========================================================
Library containing instrument data for Argentine Treasury fixed-rate securities (LECAPs, BONCAPs, and DUALES) and Dólar Futures contracts.
📊 CONTENTS
-----------
• LECAP (9 instruments): Zero-coupon treasury notes with "S" prefix
• BONCAP (6 instruments): Fixed-rate treasury bonds with "T" prefix
• DUALES (2 instruments): Dual-rate TAMAR-linked bonds with "M" prefix
• Dólar Futures (11 contracts): ROFEX USD/ARS futures (Feb-Dec 2026)
📈 DATA PROVIDED
----------------
For each instrument:
• Ticker symbol (full and short versions)
• Maturity price (precio de vencimiento)
• Maturity date/timestamp
🔧 EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
---------------------
// Counts
getLecapCount() → int
getBoncapCount() → int
getDualesCount() → int
getDolarFuturesCount() → int
// LECAP data
getLecapTicker(index) → string // e.g., "BCBA:S27F6"
getLecapTickerShort(index) → string // e.g., "S27F6"
getLecapMaturityPrice(index) → float // e.g., 125.84
getLecapMaturityTimestamp(index) → int
// BONCAP data
getBoncapTicker(index) → string
getBoncapTickerShort(index) → string
getBoncapMaturityPrice(index) → float
getBoncapMaturityTimestamp(index) → int
// DUALES data
getDualesTicker(index) → string
getDualesTickerShort(index) → string
getDualesMaturityPrice(index) → float
getDualesMaturityTimestamp(index) → int
// Dólar Futures data
getDolarFuturesTicker(index) → string // e.g., "ROFEX:DLRG2026"
getDolarFuturesShort(index) → string // e.g., "DLR Feb26"
getDolarFuturesExpiry(index) → int
// Helpers
isExpired(maturityTs) → bool
getDaysToMaturity(maturityTs) → int
💡 USAGE EXAMPLE
----------------
import YourUsername/LECAPS_BONCAP_DUALES_Library/1 as lib
// Get LECAP count and iterate
for i = 0 to lib.getLecapCount() - 1
ticker = lib.getLecapTickerShort(i)
maturityPrice = lib.getLecapMaturityPrice(i)
maturityTs = lib.getLecapMaturityTimestamp(i)
if not lib.isExpired(maturityTs)
// Process active instrument
daysLeft = lib.getDaysToMaturity(maturityTs)
📅 INSTRUMENTS (as of 2026-02-11)
---------------------------------
LECAP:
S27F6 (27-Feb-26), S16M6 (16-Mar-26), S17A6 (17-Apr-26),
S30A6 (30-Apr-26), S29Y6 (29-May-26), S31L6 (31-Jul-26),
S31G6 (31-Aug-26), S30O6 (30-Oct-26), S30N6 (30-Nov-26)
BONCAP:
T13F6 (13-Feb-26), T30J6 (30-Jun-26), T15E7 (15-Jan-27),
T30A7 (30-Apr-27), T31Y7 (31-May-27), T30J7 (30-Jun-27)
DUALES:
M27F6 (27-Feb-26), M30A6 (30-Apr-26)
DÓLAR FUTURES:
DLRG2026 (Feb), DLRH2026 (Mar), DLRJ2026 (Apr), DLRK2026 (May),
DLRM2026 (Jun), DLRN2026 (Jul), DLRQ2026 (Aug), DLRU2026 (Sep),
DLRV2026 (Oct), DLRX2026 (Nov), DLRZ2026 (Dec)
⚠️ NOTES
--------
• Data is updated periodically as new instruments are issued
• Expired instruments are automatically filtered via isExpired()
• Maturity prices are set at public auction (licitación)
• Use with the companion indicator "Breakeven LECAPs BONCAPs DUALES"
🏷️ TAGS
-------
argentina, lecap, boncap, duales, treasury, fixed-income, bonds,
letras, bonos, dolar, futures, rofex, bcba, breakeven
Perpustakaan
Argentina Bonds TIR - Sovereign Bond Yield Curves Indicator# Argentina Bonds TIR
A comprehensive indicator that calculates the Internal Rate of Return (IRR/TIR) for Argentine sovereign bonds and projects future price curves at fixed yield levels.
## Features
**Real-time TIR Calculation**
- Calculates current yield based on market price and expected cashflows
- Uses Newton-Raphson iterative method for precise IRR calculation
- Day count convention: Actual/365 with T+1 settlement
**Automatic Currency Conversion**
- Works with any trading currency: ARS, USD MEP (D suffix), USD Cable (C suffix)
- Automatically converts prices using AL30/AL30D/AL30C ratios
- Bonares use MEP conversion, Globales use Cable conversion
**Yield Curve Projections**
- Projects price curves 150 bars into the future (configurable)
- Fixed TIR lines at 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12% (each toggleable)
- Current TIR line showing price trajectory at current yield
- Custom TIR line with user-defined yield value
**Clear Labeling**
- Labels positioned near current date for easy reading (configurable offset)
- Color-coded lines for quick identification
- Info panel showing bond details, prices, TIR, and exchange rates
## Supported Bonds
**Bonares** (Argentina legislation, USD MEP): AE38, AL29, AL30, AL35, AL41, AN29
**Globales** (Foreign legislation, USD Cable): GD29, GD30, GD35, GD38, GD41, GD46
## How to Use
1. Apply indicator to any supported bond symbol (e.g., BCBA:AL30D, BCBA:GD35C)
2. The indicator auto-detects bond type and currency
3. View current TIR in the info panel
4. Use projected lines to visualize price targets at different yield levels
5. Toggle individual TIR lines on/off as needed
6. Add a custom TIR line for specific yield analysis
## Settings
**Display**: Show/hide current TIR line, projection bars (30-300), label offset in days
**Fixed TIR Lines**: Individual toggles for 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%
**Custom TIR**: Enable custom TIR line, set value (%), choose color
**Colors**: Customize colors for all lines
## Info Panel
Shows bond ticker, type (Bonar/Global), trading currency, current price, native price, current TIR percentage, MEP and CCL exchange rates.
---
## Español
Indicador que calcula la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) para bonos soberanos argentinos y proyecta curvas de precios futuros a niveles fijos de rendimiento.
### Características
- Cálculo de TIR en tiempo real usando método Newton-Raphson
- Conversión automática de moneda (ARS, USD MEP, USD Cable)
- Líneas de TIR fijas al 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%
- Línea de TIR personalizada configurable
- Panel informativo con detalles del bono y tipos de cambio
### Bonos Soportados
- **Bonares** (USD MEP): AE38, AL29, AL30, AL35, AL41, AN29
- **Globales** (USD Cable): GD29, GD30, GD35, GD38, GD41, GD46
---
**DISCLAIMER**: This indicator is for informational and educational purposes only. Eco Valores S.A. does NOT provide investment advice or recommendations. Consult a qualified financial advisor before making investment decisions.
**AVISO LEGAL**: Este indicador es solo para fines informativos y educativos. Eco Valores S.A. NO brinda asesoramiento ni recomendaciones de inversión. Consulte con un asesor financiero calificado antes de invertir.
Indikator
ArgentinaBondsLib - Argentina Sovereign Bonds Cashflow LibraryArgentinaBondsLib
A Pine Script v6 library providing cashflow data and financial calculation functions for Argentine sovereign bonds (Bonares and Globales).
## Supported Bonds
**Bonares** (Argentina legislation, USD MEP): AE38, AL29, AL30, AL35, AL41, AN29
**Globales** (Foreign legislation, USD Cable): GD29, GD30, GD35, GD38, GD41, GD46
## Exported Functions
### Cashflow Data
- `getCashflows_ ()` - Returns timestamps, cashflows, and count for each bond
### Bond Identification
- `getBondType(ticker)` - Returns BONAR() or GLOBAL()
- `getBaseTicker(ticker)` - Extracts base ticker without prefix/suffix
- `getCurrencyType(ticker)` - Returns 0=ARS, 1=MEP, 2=Cable
- `isSupported(baseTicker)` - Checks if bond is supported
### Financial Calculations
- `calcPV()` - Present Value calculation
- `calcIRR()` - Internal Rate of Return using Newton-Raphson method
- `calcPriceFromIRR()` - Calculate price from target IRR
### Currency Conversion
- `convertToNativeCurrency()` - Converts price to cashflow currency (MEP for Bonares, Cable for Globales)
### Utilities
- `getSettlementDate()` - Returns T+1 timestamp
- `BONAR()` / `GLOBAL()` - Bond type constants
## Methodology
- Day count convention: Actual/365
- Settlement: T+1
- IRR solver: Newton-Raphson iterative method
## Usage Example
```
import EcoValores/ArgentinaBondsLib/1 as Bonds
= Bonds.getCashflows_AL30()
settlementDate = Bonds.getSettlementDate()
irr = Bonds.calcIRR(ts, cf, count, settlementDate, close)
```
---
## Español
Librería Pine Script v6 con datos de flujos de fondos y funciones de cálculo financiero para bonos soberanos argentinos.
### Bonos Soportados
- **Bonares** (Legislación argentina, USD MEP): AE38, AL29, AL30, AL35, AL41, AN29
- **Globales** (Legislación extranjera, USD Cable): GD29, GD30, GD35, GD38, GD41, GD46
### Metodología
- Convención de días: Actual/365
- Liquidación: T+1
- Solver TIR: Método iterativo Newton-Raphson
---
**DISCLAIMER**: This library is for informational and educational purposes only. Eco Valores S.A. does NOT provide investment advice or recommendations. Consult a qualified financial advisor before making investment decisions.
**AVISO LEGAL**: Esta librería es solo para fines informativos y educativos. Eco Valores S.A. NO brinda asesoramiento ni recomendaciones de inversión. Consulte con un asesor financiero calificado antes de invertir.
Perpustakaan
Perpustakaan
Indikator
Perpustakaan
