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US Tariffs & Trade Wars

101
US Tariffs & Trade Wars
Updated May 2026 · All figures from current market research

Avg. effective tariff rate
11.8%
Up from 2.5% in Jan 2025

Peak tariff rate (China)
145%
April 2025 peak

IEEPA tariffs collected
$166B
Later ruled unconstitutional

USD decline (2025)
−10%
Dollar Index (DXY)

----------------------------------------------Key policy events------------------------------------------

  • Jan – Mar 2025
  • 25% tariffs on Canada & Mexico goods; 25% on all steel & aluminum globally, eliminating prior exemptions.
  • Apr 2, 2025 — "Liberation Day"
  • Blanket 10% tariff on all imports from ~180 countries; country-specific "reciprocal" rates up to 49%. Triggered a global stock market crash; S&P 500 fell below 5,000.

    Apr 9, 2025
  • 90-day pause on reciprocal tariffs for all countries except China. S&P 500 surged 9.5% in a single day — largest gain since 2008. China's rate raised to 145%.


    Mid-2025
  • Steel & aluminum tariffs raised to 50%. Trade deal frameworks reached with EU, Japan, South Korea, and a US-China truce.

    Feb 2026
  • Supreme Court ruled IEEPA tariffs unconstitutional. Trump announced new 10% global tariff under Section 122 for 150 days.

    ----------------------------------------------Market & asset class impact-----------------------------
    Equities
    S&P 500 fell 10% in two days post-Liberation Day. Tech, basic materials, and energy hit hardest (−7% to −9%). Partial recovery followed each pause announcement. J.P. Morgan targets S&P range of 5,200–5,800.

    US Dollar
    Dollar depreciated on Liberation Day — contrary to standard theory. Foreign investors reallocated away from US equities. DXY down ~10% for 2025. Central banks globally accelerated gold purchases as dollar alternatives.

    Commodities
    Gold rose as a safe haven. WTI oil fell on global demand concerns. Steel & aluminum prices elevated due to import restrictions. Agricultural commodities hurt by retaliatory tariffs on US exports.

    Fixed Income
    US Treasury 10-year yields initially fell, then rose sharply post-Liberation Day (bond vigilantism). Concerns over Fed independence added pressure. BlackRock & others remain underweight long-duration Treasuries.

    --------------------------------------------Key risks & watch points----------------------------------


    Policy unpredictability
    Critical
    Tariff rates can change within hours. The Trade Policy Uncertainty Index skyrocketed in 2025. Companies face near-impossible demand forecasting conditions. Any escalation with EU or China is a major risk trigger.

    Inflationary pressure
    Elevated
    US firms absorbed ~60% of tariff costs in 2025; pass-through to consumers is accelerating. Core inflation remains above the Fed's 2% target. Fed has limited room to cut rates to provide stimulus.

    Supply chain re-routing
    Structural shift
    US imports from China near 2001 levels. Vietnam, India, Mexico, and Eastern Europe emerging as alternative sourcing hubs. Regional supply chains could account for 50% of global trade by 2030 (BCG). Efficiency losses are long-term.

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